Ritual is "a stereotyped sequence of activities involving gestures, words, and objects, performed in a sequestered place, and designed to influence preternatural entities or forces on behalf of the actors' goals and interests" (Turner 1977, 183).
"Not only do symbols reveal crucial social and religious values; they are also (precisely because of their reference to the supernatural) transformative for human attitudes and behavior. The handling of symbols in ritual exposes their powers to act upon and change the persons involved in ritual performance." (Deflem, 1991)
Deflem, Mathieu. (1991) “Ritual, Anti-Structure, and Religion: A Discussion of Victor Turner’s Processual Symbolic Analysis.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 30(1):1-25.
Turner, V. (1977) Symbols in African ritual. In Symbolic anthropology: A reader in the study of symbols and meanings, edited by J. L. Dolgin, D. S. Kemnitzer and D. M. Schneider, 183-194. New York: Columbia University Press.
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